Vitamin Deficiencies and Mouth Ulcers: What Your Body May Be Telling You

 Most people would have had a mouth ulcer at some point—a tiny, painful sore that makes eating or talking difficult.  Most of the time, it heals on its own, in a week or two and is soon forgotten.  But what if the small sore does not go away?  Or it keeps coming back?  Is it joined by others?  Could your body be waving a red flag?

Mouth ulcers may appear trivial, but they can be early indicators of more serious health issues, ranging from vitamin inadequacies, to Oral cancer.  Listening to what your mouth is telling you may matter more than you realize.

Not all ulcers are the same.

A mouth ulcer is typically round or oval in shape, with a white or yellow centre and a red border.  They commonly develop inside the cheeks, on the lips, or on the tongue.  These are frequently caused by minor injuries (such as biting your cheek), stress, or eating hot meals.  They typically heal between 7 to 14 days.

However, if ulcers become frequent, especially large, or last more than two weeks, it is essential to investigate more.  These could be the result of nutritional inadequacies, chronic inflammation, or, in more serious instances, early signs of malignancy.

Is this a vitamin deficiency?

A surprising number of chronic mouth ulcers have been linked to nutritional deficits.  The most prevalent culprits include:

• Vitamin B12 promotes cell regeneration and nervous system health.  Ulcers, a burning feeling on the tongue, and weariness can all result from a deficiency of this vitamin.
• Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) promotes tissue growth and cell function.  A shortage of it can lead to severe oral sores.
• Iron is essential for healthy blood and tissues.  Deficiency can result in pale gums, recurrent ulcers, and even cracks at the corners of the mouth.
• Zinc and Vitamin C promote wound healing and immunological support.

Many people who have poor eating habits, intestinal problems, or follow restricted diets unwittingly develop these deficiencies.  A simple blood test can indicate what's missing, and proper supplements can help ulcers heal and prevent recurrence.

When It's More Than a Deficit

While vitamin-related ulcers can be treated, some sores may indicate more serious causes, particularly if they persist, bleed, or are accompanied by a lump or swelling in the mouth.  This is when the warning signals of Oral cancer could be operating.

Oral cancer typically starts as a tiny ulcer or patch that does not heal.  Unlike regular mouth ulcers, malignant sores are typically painless at first, making them easier to overlook.  They may grow larger, firmer, or form a crust over time.  Other symptoms include:

• Persistent white or red spots in the mouth
• Difficulty swallowing or moving the tongue
• Numbness or tingling in the lips
• Voice changes or hoarseness
• Unexpected weight loss

Tobacco usage (both smoking and chewing), alcohol intake, HPV infection, prolonged sun exposure to the lips, and a family history of cancer all increase the risk of developing Oral cancer.  However, it can occur even in persons who have no clear risk factors, making routine screening essential.

Why Early Detection Matters

Early detection is critical for improved results in Oral cancer, as is the case in all cancers.  If detected early, treatment can be simpler and more successful, with fewer consequences.  Unfortunately, many individuals seek medical attention only after the condition has progressed, making treatment more difficult and recovery less likely.

That is why any mouth ulcer that lasts more than two weeks, recurs frequently, or appears suspicious, should be promptly attended to.  Whether the cause is a vitamin deficiency, stress, or something more serious, the best course of action is to see a doctor and have it diagnosed professionally.

The Takeaway:  Listen to your mouth.

The mouth is one of the most sensitive indicators of general health.  It can indicate shortages, infections, immunological issues, and even malignancy.  Instead of dismissing a mouth ulcer as 'just one of those things,' consider its duration, frequency, and accompanying symptoms.

A persistent discomfort could be more than simply an annoyance.  It could be your body's way of seeking help.

If you observe strange mouth ulcers that do not heal, change colour, develop swelling, or numbness, do not wait.  Visit a specialist.  It is always preferable to investigate and be safe, rather than wait and regret.

By Dr. Rajeev Sharan (HOD & Sr. Consultant Head & Neck Cancer) HCG Cancer Centre, Kolkata.